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This study is part of a long-term monitoring and evaluation (M&E) program of the Eastern Indonesia National Road Improvement Project (EINRIP). A longitudinal qualitative social research comprising a baseline study and monitoring studies—which included surveys of local social and economic relations—were respectively carried out before and after the road construction.

Amid the Government of Indonesia’s efforts to eliminate child labour, there is limited information regarding the condition of child labour in the country, especially in the tobacco sector. Against this background, this study investigates the condition and root causes of child labour in two of the largest tobacco producing kabupaten (districts) in Indonesia—Jember and Lombok Timur.

The objective of this study is to develop concrete recommendations on suitable livelihood opportunities for PKH recipient families, as well as the institutional arrangements and delivery systems to ensure PKH families can access these opportunities.