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This study investigates the causal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on digitalisation adoption among Indonesia’s ultra-micro, micro, small and medium enterprises (UMSMEs) during the pandemic and recovery periods. Using data from Bank Indonesia’s UMSMEs Development Survey 2019–2022, we employ the Callaway and Sant’Anna difference-in-differences (CSDID) method.
The Integrated Social Welfare Data (DTKS) is the database used to target beneficiaries of social protection and poverty alleviation programs in Indonesia, including social assistances to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. The problem is that not every kabupaten/kota (district/city) government updates DTKS periodically.
In low- and middle-income countries, orphanages are often perceived as a means to secure education for children. Consequently, many parents send their children to orphanages, unaware of the potential risks involved. This study aims to explore caregivers' attitudes toward child institutionalization in the context of placing children in orphanages.
